Compare and Contrast the Reasons Essay

Suppose you are taking a course on 19th-century America, and the instructor hands out the following essay assignment: Compare and contrast the reasons why the North and South fought the Civil War. You turn on the computer and type out the following: The North and South fought the Civil War for many reasons, some of which were the same and some different. This weak thesis restates the question without providing any additional information. You will expand on this new information in the body of the essay, but it is important that the reader know where you are heading. A reader of this weak thesis might think, â€Å"What reasons? How are they the same? How are they different? † Ask yourself these same questions and begin to compare Northern and Southern attitudes (perhaps you first think, â€Å"The South believed slavery was right, and the North thought slavery was wrong†). Now, push your comparison toward an interpretation—why did one side think slavery was right and the other side think it was wrong? You look again at the evidence, and you decide that you are going to argue that the North believed slavery was immoral while the South believed it upheld the Southern way of life. You write: While both sides fought the Civil War over the issue of slavery, the North fought for moral reasons while the South fought to preserve its own institutions. Now you have a working thesis! Included in this working thesis is a reason for the war and some idea of how the two sides disagreed over this reason. As you write the essay, you will probably begin to characterize these differences more precisely, and your working thesis may start to seem too vague. Maybe you decide that both sides fought for moral reasons, and that they just focused on different moral issues. You end up revising the working thesis into a final thesis that really captures the argument in your paper: While both Northerners and Southerners believed they fought against tyranny and oppression, Northerners focused on the oppression of slaves while Southerners defended their own right to self-government. Compare this to the original weak thesis. This final thesis presents a way of interpreting evidence that illuminates the significance of the question. Keep in mind that this is one of many possible interpretations of the Civil War—it is not the one and only right answer to the question. There isn’t one right answer; there are only strong and weak thesis statements and strong and weak uses of evidence. Let’s look at another example. Suppose your literature professor hands out the following assignment in a class on the American novel: Write an analysis of some aspect of Mark Twain’s novel Huckleberry Finn. â€Å"This will be easy,† you think. â€Å"I loved Huckleberry Finn! † You grab a pad of paper and write: Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn is a great American novel. Why is this thesis weak? Think about what the reader would expect from the essay that follows: you will most likely provide a general, appreciative summary of Twain’s novel. The question did not ask you to summarize; it asked you to analyze. Your professor is probably not interested in your opinion of the novel; instead, she wants you to think about whyit’s such a great novel—what do Huck’s adventures tell us about life, about America, about coming of age, about race relations, etc.? First, the question asks you to pick an aspect of the novel that you think is important to its structure or meaning—for example, the role of storytelling, the contrasting scenes between the shore and the river, or the relationships between adults and children. Now you write: In Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain develops a contrast between life on the river and life on the shore. Here’s a working thesis with potential: you have highlighted an important aspect of the novel for investigation; however, it’s still not clear what your analysis will reveal. Your reader is intrigued, but is still thinking, â€Å"So what? What’s the point of this contrast? What does it signify? † Perhaps you are not sure yet, either. That’s fine—begin to work on comparing scenes from the book and see what you discover. Free write, make lists, jot down Huck’s actions and reactions. Eventually you will be able to clarify for yourself, and then for the reader, why this contrast matters. After examining the evidence and considering your own insights, you write: Through its contrasting river and shore scenes, Twain’s Huckleberry Finn suggests that to find the true expression of American democratic ideals, one must leave â€Å"civilized† society and go back to nature. This final thesis statement presents an interpretation of a literary work based on an analysis of its content. Of course, for the essay itself to be successful, you must now present evidence from the novel that will convince the reader of your interpretation.

Rickshaw and Tenant

Relationship between an owner of the asset and his tenant. Introduction: This case study revolves around a man who is working as an auto rickshaw driver in the city of Lahore, Pakistan. He belongs to a poor family. So he has chosen to drive auto rickshaw in the suburbs of the city. He is actually working as a tenant for his owner. His owner has given him his asset and requires a fixed amount of money in return on daily basis. The name of the auto rickshaw driver is Mohammad Slam. He is 38 years old. He is basically a driver by profession. He has been driving an auto rickshaw from the last two years.Before coming into this field, he was working as a chauffeur for a family. He was quite happy working there but unfortunately he had to dismiss that Job as that family had moved abroad. Since he had no other work related to his field, so he decided to drive auto rickshaw in the main city. He lives in a rented house in the area of Model town, Lahore. He is married and has three children. He has to feed four persons in his family. Problems/Challenges of the tenant: According to M. Slam, he is surviving from hand to mouth. Whatever he earns, he spends it too quickly. He doesn't have any savings with him.He has four dependents that he has to look after. He said that his family is happy with him but he is not satisfied with his Job. He earns quite less as far as his expectations are concerned. He wants to start his own business. He believes that he can stay happy and earn more only if he does his own business. By working under this profession, he earns less. Sometimes he can't pay off his children's school fees. So this also creates a lot of problems for the tenant. He also complained that he has to bear all the expenses of the vehicle. All the repairing and maintenance charges are borne by the tenant.In case of any loss or accident, the tenant has to pay for those expenses. The petrol and C. N. G costs are also borne by the tenant. If expenses exceed RSI. 500 then the ow ner has to pay for that. There is also no written agreement or contact between the tenant and his owner. The owner trusted this guy and handed over his vehicle to him. There is only a verbal agreement between the two parties. Opinion of the owner: The owner of the asset is quite satisfied with the tenant because he gets RSI. 300 on daily basis. He earns RSI. 9000 from his auto rickshaw on monthly basis.He doesn't eave to worry much because he has to get his fixed amount from his tenant whether he has earned or not. Business outcomes: The tenant is not happy with this contract as he earns less. The owner is happy because he gets paid whether there is any earning or not. There is also no written contract between the two parties. There is no evidence available of this contract. There can be many learning outcomes derived out of this case study. In order to make this owner-tenant relationship better and strong, there should be a proper written agreement or a contract between the two par ties.Both the parties should eave evidence in writing. In case of any mishap or loss, they could show the written evidence to the respective authorities. Also, the owner should understand the nature of work of the tenant. He should show some leniency towards his tenant. The fixed amount of money should be less and it should be agreed upon the two parties. The tenant should be happy with the agreed amount as well the owner. Both the parties should be happy with this contract. The relationship between the two parties can be improved more if the owner takes the security of the tenant. He should minimize the rental amount.He should understand the problems faced by the tenant. He should support his tenant in every possible way. Finance facilities should be provided to the tenant so that he faces less problems in his life. Banks and specialized institutions should provide micro financing facilities to such tenants so that they can enjoy working in their profession. Owners are happy in thi s relationship but the tenants are not happy. They can remain happy if their financial burden is minimized. So the government should really consider this point as the number of tenants are increasing day by day in our country.Case Study no. 2 Relationship between an owner and a female tenant. This case study is about a woman, Near Bibb, who is working as a tenant. She is of 50 years of age. She has been working as a tenant for about six years. Her work is to sit on a permitted ground and sell roasted grams and beards. She is authorized to sit on that area and the permission is granted by her owner. She is married and has six children, four daughters and two sons. Two of her elder daughters and a son is married. She has to feed her three younger children. Her husband doesn't cooperate with her and doesn't give her any money.He is involved in drugs so she has left him. She works independently and feed hers three children. Her married son also doesn't give her any money. She is the sol e earner in her house at the moment. She comes from the Karol Road and lives in a rented house. Problems/Challenges faced by the tenant: She has to travel from her home to her work daily and gives RSI. 40 for one trip. That meaner she has to bear a total of RSI. 80 of the traveling expenses on a daily basis. She pays his owner RSI. 200 per day which makes RSI. 6000 a month. She is surviving from hand to mouth.She is the only person who is earning for her family. His husband doesn't support her at all as he is involved in drugs and bad vices. Near Bibb is not well physically. She had undergone a surgery. She said that all the medicines expenditure is also borne by her. She spends RSI. 2500 monthly on her medicines. Woman. She comes at 9 0 clock in the morning and goes back around at 6 pm in the evening. Her Job is really tough but still she has to do it as there is no other source of income. She also said that the workers working in her nearby are all good people and they've never te ased or disturbed her ever.She also said that she wanted to go broad and live there happily as she earned less here in Pakistan. The owner is quite happy with this contract because he gets paid on a fixed amount on daily basis. He earns RSI. 6000 from this agreement in a month. He is satisfied with his tenant because she is an honest working woman. He is very lenient with his tenant. Even if she has not earned much, he agrees to take less amount as well. He is very cooperative. Business Outcomes: The owner is happy with this relationship but the tenant is not happy. She faces a lot of financial problems. Her expenses exceed her income.She has to pay for her medical expenses as well. She feed three of her children. She has no one to support in her family. But she is satisfied with her owner because even if she doesn't earn Upton the agreed amount, her owner doesn't say her anything and agrees to take whatever she has earned in a day. Learning Outcomes: There should be a written contr act between the owner and his tenant. There should be written evidence. The owner should understand the problems of his tenant. Both the parties should agree upon a fixed amount which is accepted by the tenant. There should be no work load on the tenant.The tenant has chosen to work in a busy area here she can get more customers. So this could also be a learning point. She did not work near her residential area but she chose to work in a more commercial area in order to get more customers. She hardly manages to pay RSI. 80 as her traveling expense daily so that she can work in an area where she could earn more. Case Study no. 3: The relationship between owner of the asset and his tenant. This case study is about a young tenant who is twenty four years old. His name is Shaded. He is driving an auto rickshaw on rental basis. He has been into this profession since the last six months.He is Just a starter. When we interviewed him, we came to know that he has come from a very poor backgr ound. His parent couldn't afford education for him. That's why he had no other choice left and he thought of is into a contract with his owner since the last six months. He lives with his family and is not married yet. Thus he has to take responsibility of his parent's and siblings only. Problems faced by the tenant: Shaded said that he earns around more than RSI. 8000 in a month. His owner acquires a rent of RSI. 300 daily from him. That meaner he has to pay his owner a total of around RSI. 9000 per month whether he earns or not.The owner will acquire this amount from him at any cost. The tenant also claimed that if he fails to pay him the required amount, his owner wouldn't show any leniency. Rather he might throw him out of this contract. The tenant complained that his earnings were less according to his salary expectations. He doesn't earn much. He has to feed six member of his family and has to look after their wants and needs as well. It is really difficult to even provide two meals per day to his family members. He is surviving in his life from hand to mouth. The tenant protested that his Job is really tough.He works more than ten hours in a day. He also said that there are no fixed timings in this Job. Sometimes he has to drive the auto rickshaw day and night. But still he is not happy with his Job. He has to bear all the repairs and maintenance cost of the vehicle as well. He also has to bear all the petrol and gasoline expenses. The owner of the asset is happy and satisfied as long as he is receiving the rent on time. The owner doesn't have any problems with his tenant. He says that his tenant's behavior is quite good. His relationship can improve with his tenant only if he gives rent to him on time.If we give a deep insight into this contract, we come to see that the owner is quite happy with this relationship but the tenant is not happy at all. Tenant is earning less according to his expectations. He doesn't have any savings at all. Whatever he ear ns spends it. Thus we can say that the tenant is not happy with this contract. He is not at all excited when he goes to work. This Job serves as a compulsion for him as he has no other option. The owner of the asset is happy because he is earning good. But the tenant is not happy. The basic learning outcome that comes out be is that the owner should show mom leniency to the tenant.If the tenant cannot pay the required amount to his owner on time due to some problem, the owner shouldn't threaten him that he would fire him from the Job. Instead the owner should understand the problems of the tenant. If the tenant asks for some leniency from his owner's side, he should show it. If the tenant cannot pay the required rent or if he earns less in a day, the owner should take whatever he gets from him. He shouldn't argue with his tenant in this matter. The government also shouldn't charge any amount from the rickshaw drivers charges should be borne by the owner himself.There should be a wri tten agreement between the two parties so that they possess some evidence of this contract. Case Study no. 4: The relationship between an owner of the asset and a tenant. This case study revolves around a man named Hosannas who is working as a tenant and drives wagon on rental basis. He is thirty three years old. He has been into this profession from the last two years. His monthly earnings vary from time to time. Sometimes he earn more and sometimes less. He doesn't have a fixed salary. But he said that he earns more than eight thousand rupees in a month. He is a citizen ofLahore and has a house of himself. He is happily married and has one kid. He said that he has only two dependents in his family. He doesn't have much burden on his shoulders as he has to feed only two family members. This case study was a bit different and interesting as the tenant was quite satisfied with his Job. He earned well and said that his earnings matched up to his expectations. He has to work for more t han ten hours in a day. He also said that his job is tough but he still finds it interesting. He said that this Job is the only source of earnings for him so he has to work with full interest.He is very excited when he goes to work daily. The only problem he faced in his profession was the toughness of his job. His relationship with his owner is also good. His owner treats him fairly. His owner is happy with him if he pays the rent on time. The tenant is happy sometimes with the way his Job is going. He also manages easily with his current salary. The owner of the asset is satisfied with the tenant. The tenant behaves with him in a very polite manner. They never argue with each other. The owner is happy with this Both the owner and the tenant are quite satisfied with this contract.Their needs and wants are being fulfilled to an extent. They can improvise this relationship even more if they remain in good terms and behave with each other properly. Both the parties should understand e ach other's problems and support in business matters. The owner should remain lenient with his tenant. He should understand his nature of Job and its related problems as well. He shouldn't put a burden on him. He shouldn't be strict with him. He should let his tenant work with ease. This case study order to strengthen this relationship, both the parties should sign a written agreement of this contract.

Necrophilia Cases

Sex according to many or may I say, majority, is the highest enjoyment in the planet. But the unsatisfying nature of sex leads to the uninterrupted series of encounters. Sex with same sex was recognized, adult sexually attracted to children or pedophilia, and zoophilia – the practice of sex between humans and animals. Necrophilia is a psychiatric expression for a pathological sexual attraction to corpses. It is a very rare and unwell understood phenomenon. Legends with necrophilia themes are common throughout history and the concept of sexual interference with the dead has been known and abhorred since the ancient Egyptians, as noted by Herodotus (484 BCE -425 BC approx): â€Å"When the wife of a distinguished man dies, or any woman who happens to be beautiful or well known, her body is not given to the embalmers immediately, but only after the lapse of three or four days. This is a precautionary measure to prevent the embalmers from violating her corpse, a thing which is actually said to have happened in the case of a woman who had just died. (de Selincourt, translation, 1972, p. 161) In Psychopathia Sexualis, in 1894, the original work of Richard Von Kraft-Ebing, one of the first psychiatric writers called necrophilia a horrible manifestation of sadism. Abraham A. Brill published the first comprehensive study of the subject in 1941, characterizednecrophiles as mentally deficient, psychotic, and incapable of obtaining a consent partn er. Necrophilia has been linked with cannibalism and vampirism as all are considered perversions. In the British Journal of Psychiatry in 1978 by Neville Lancaster, reported a case of a 23 year old student of music at teacher’s training college in England. The student was convicted of the murder of a young woman and was sentenced for life imprisonment. He admitted that he had broken into mortuary and had sexual contacts with female corpses on different occasions prior to the murder. The student was evaluated with an IQ test and found no evidence of mental illness and had a normal romantic relationship with a music teacher. The authorities found out that he was a necrophile, who desired to have sex with corpses, therefore decided to kill female victims and engage sex with a fresh dead cadaver. In 1989, two dedicated psychiatrist, Jonathan Rosman and Phillip Resnick review 122 cases demonstrating necrophilic acts or fantasies. Both distinguish true necrophilia and pseudo-necrophilia from the different cases. They classified true necrophilia into three types:necrophilic homicide – murder to obtain a orpse for sexual pleasure: regular necrophilia – the use of already dead corpse for sex: necrophilic fantasy – just fantasizing sexual activities with a cadaver without carrying out any necrophilia. The pseudo-necrophilia has a transient attraction to a corpse but the corpse is not the center of the sexual desire. According to Rosman and Resnick, neither psychosis, mental retardation, sadism appears to be inherent in necrophilia. The best motive for necrophilia is in possession of a not-re jecting and unresisting partner. Necrophiles choose occupation with access to corpses. Many psychologists, psychiatrists, and researchers psychoanalytical explanation for necrophilia and both Rosman and Resnick developed an empirical model to get a rich understanding of how psychodynamic events could lead to necrophilia: (1) The necrophile develops poor self-esteem, due in part to a significant loss;(a) He (usually male) is very fearful of rejection by women so desires a sex object who cannot refuse him; and/or (b) He is fearful of the dead, transforms his fear – by means of reaction formation – into a desire for the dead: (2) He develops an exciting fantasy of sex with corpse, sometimes after exposure to cadaver. Extreme Cases of Necrophilia Ted Bundy, an American serial killer, killed numerous young women across the United States between 1974 and 1978, he eventually confessed to 30 murders total victims unknown. Bundy would bludgeon his victims, strangle and engage in rape and necrophilia. Edmund Kemper – The Coed Killer Edmund Kemper, from Burbank, California started his escapades at a very young age. He mutilated two of the family cats and caught playing with his sister portraying death rituals. He was shipped off to his father twice as he keep on returning back, till finally he was sent to his grandparents in the foothills of California’s Sierra’s in the farm. At a young age 15, he shot his grandmother and stabbed her repeatedly by a kitchen knife for not allowing him to go with his grandfather to the fields. Ask for the reason why, â€Å"I just wanted to see what it would be like to shoot grandma. † In May 7, 1972, Kemper picked up two girls from Fresno State College while hitchhiking. He brought them to a seclude place and stabbed them to death and sexually abused the corpses. He took the bodies to his mother’s place, dissected them and played with their organs and took Polaroids. He buried the bodies at Santa Cruz Mountain and tossed the heads into a deep ravine in the road. In September, he picked up a 15 year-old-girl, suffocated her and rape her corpse. He took her home, just like the others, dissected the body and buried it next to Boulder Creek. In January 1973, he picked up a student from Sta. Cruz, forced her to the trunk and shot her. He raped the corpse before bringing her home, where he dissected the corpse, bag it and tossing it off at the cliff into the ocean at Carmel. Less than a month after picking up two women and shot them to death, he raped both headless corpses. Their mutilated bodies were dumped into Eden Canyon. This time he turned his rage towards his sleeping mother. He beat his mother to death while lay sleeping in the bed with a claw hammer. He followed this by decapitating her and raping the headless corpse. He finished by taking the larynx and dumping it at the garbage disposal. He was convicted of 8 counts of first degree murder, and asked what punishment you like, he replied†¦. †Death by torture. † Received 16 August 2000; accepted 10 November 2000. This report presents the case of a young man legally convicted twice on a charge of defiling the dead. All necrophilic acts were committed over a period of around 15 years. The examination results revealed a purely female-fixated necrophilia. In three cases, the perpetrator skinned the trunk of the corpses, placed the skin on his naked body and that stimulated him sexually. In several cases, he also used burial clothes that he had removed from the coffins and kept at home. The perpetrator had a long record of psychiatric treatment for his sexual inclination. These are just some of the recorded cases of necrophilia, a deterrent example of unsatisfied behavior. The psychiatrists and psychologists endless study of such behavior of mankind and its mysterious mind contributes deep assertion why such unearthly actions are committed. The unsatisfying nature of the human being also tends to lead us that we are by nature happy. But we are searching amiss. Police in Zamboanga, Philippines are investigating into an alleged case of necrophiliaafter five graves were desecrated in recent months. Starting in October last year five dead women and children have been exhumed from their graves at a cemetery in Barangay Mercedes and interfered with. The first instance back in October was a recently buried woman who authorities discovered dug up and placed on top of her resting place. Then in February a dead old lady was found exhumed from her grave, and this month a 17 year old girl and a 13 day old baby girl were also removed from their graves. The most recent case, which happened just days ago, involved a female teacher who was removed from her grave and hung upside down from a post in the graveyard, suspended by her own stockings. The deceased woman’s underwear had also been removed and placed on her head. Families of the deceased are said to be furious at the alleged sexual violation of the corpses. Police say they suspect a group of perpetrat The Dead Corpse Can Fantasize Physical Pleasure By: Swarag Monday, January 7, 2008, 17:17 [IST] A A A The term ‘corpse' may reduce us into a ball of fear, but there are some exceptionals, who can step a foot further to use them to fulfill their sexual desires. Such sexual attraction to corpses is called Necrophilia or Thanatophilia or Necrolagnia. Read the horrifying sexual fantasy that has been just another part of life from many decades. Welcome to the world of sexual horror!!! Necrophilia in ancient culture The necrophilia practices can be found in the artifacts of the Moche civilization of South America, where pottery depicting skeletal figures engaged in coitus with living humans are among the ruins. In one of the ancient cultures Necrophilia was practiced as a spiritual means of communicating with the dead. Some employed it as an attempt to revive the departed. an error occurred while processing this directive] Legends with necrophilic themes are common throughout history and the concept of sexual interference with the dead has been known and abhorred since the ancient Egypt.. Causes Some of the main cause for such irregular behavior towards sex are listed below, †¢ When a person, (usually men) experiences rejection of love by the opposite sex, every other day, he desires a sexual partner who is incapable of rejecti ng him. Alas! He can have such a relationship only with the one that doesn't beat the rhythm of life. He also fears the dead and he tries to transform his fear by reaction formation into a desire. †¢ He develops an exciting fantasy of sex with a corpse, sometimes after exposure to a corpse. A research states that 68% of necrophiles were motivated by a desire for an unrejecting partner, 21% by a desire for reunion with a lost partner; 15 % by sexual attraction to dead people, 15 %by a desire for comfort or to overcome feelings of isolation and 12 % by a desire to remedy low self-esteem by expressing power over a corpse. Another research conducted in England states that some necrophiles tend to choose a dead mate after failing to create romantic attachments with the living. Types of Necrophilia In 1989, two researchers, Jonathan Rosman and Phillip Resnick studied 122 cases manifesting necrophilic acts or fantasies. They classified true necrophilia into three main types, Necrophilic homicide: Here a necrophile murders a human to obtain a corpse for sexual purposes. Regular Necrophilia: the necrophile uses natural dead corpse for sexual fantasies. Pseudonecrophile : has a transient attraction to a corpse, but a corpse is not the object of his sexual pleasure. According to the two researchers, the most common motive for necrophilia is possession of an unresisting and unrejecting partner. Neither mental retardation, psychosis or sadism appears to be inherent in necrophilia. Necrophile usually range between the age of 20 and 50 with occupations that provide ready access to corpses, mortuary attendants, gravediggers†¦ etc. Most individuals have been reported to be heterosexual. Laws : Sexual Offenses Act 2003, states that sexual penetration with a corpse is illegal. However as of May 2006, there is no federal legislation specifically barring sex with a corpse. Treatment: Treatment for necrophilia would be similar to that prescribed for most paraphilia's like, cognitive therapy, individual psychotherapy, use of sex-drive reducing medications, assistance with improving social and sexual relations, etc. The necrophile should also be assessed for associated psychopathology and treated accordingly.

Thirty Years' War caused by religious tensions Essay

Thirty Years' War caused by religious tensions - Essay Example Perhaps the most significant outcome of the religiously coloured tensions between adherents of the Protestantism and the Roman Catholic Church, that ensued from the actual religious division within Germany, was represented by the devastating Thirty Years' War of 1618-48. Indeed, it is estimated that up to one-third of the German population was lost due to military activities and ensuing diseases and famine. Historians suppose that the pre-war population level was reached only in almost a century after the end of Thirty Years' War. Economy of Germany was also in disarray due to the ruin brought in by the Thirty Years' War, so that the economic deterioration that already was significant in the second half of the 16th was further worsened. The prosperous economies that some German towns had in the late Middle Ages and in the beginning of the 16th century declined, and Germany was about to face a long period of economic depression that would end only in the second half of the 19th centur y (Bonney, 2002, p.74). Considering the long-lasting consequences of the devastating Thirty Years' War, it is important to understand what factors caused its outbreak. We have already mentioned the religious factor, and it is hardly a coincidence that such an important development as the spread of Protestantism preceded the war. But to what extent was the Thirty Years' War caused by religious tensions and to what degree such factors as a struggle for power or for territories within the Holy Roman Empire were involved To answer this question let us overview the historical developments that occurred before the 17th century, and try to establish the link between the religious factor and the causes of the Thirty Years' War. All too often it happens in history that the connection between the studied events that seems to be self-evident is by far not the only explanation but rather just a part of the general picture. In the same vein, the effect that the Protestant Reformation seems to have had on Germany was equally just a part of the story. The other characteristic of the Germany before the beginning of the Thirty Years' War, which is important for our study, was inherited from an earlier time. This characteristic is the so-called German particularism - the presence of numerous states of different types, like free cities, electorates, principalities, and ecclesiastical territories. The roots of this peculiarity of Germany go back to the Carolingian Dynasty (752-911), when Charlemagne's empire was separated into three kingdoms, but in the East Kingdom regional duchies (namely Franconia, Saxony, Bavaria, Swabia, and Lorraine) strengthened and obtained form of small kingdoms. Such eastern subdivision initi ated the German particularism, when territorial sovereigns pursued their particular interests without consideration of interests of the kingdom. When the Carolingian line ended in 911 such duchies were further reinforced because now there was no direct blood heritage of the

This is for an intro to American lit class. My topic is-- How does Essay

This is for an intro to American lit class. My topic is-- How does Benjamin Franklin's autobiography begin to articulate a distinctively American conception of - Essay Example He is no other than Benjamin Franklin, the â€Å"First American†. He has been given this title since he was an early proponent of Colonial unity He owes his personal integrity, the respect of his fellowmen as well as foreigners, not to mention his financial success over the years to the thirteen virtues listed in his Autobiography and his strict adherence to them. They are as follows: When Franklin framed his 13 virtues, he meant them not for himself alone but also for others to follow, particularly his progeny. He is said to have stated: â€Å"Having emerged from the poverty and obscurity at which I was born and bred, to a state of affluence and some degree of reputation in the world and having so well succeeded, my posterity may like to know as they may find some of them suitable to their own situations, and therefore fit to be imitated.† (Franklin, 1791) Benjamin Franklin living out the 13 virtues, embodied the American identity. This is how he envisioned his compatriots to live out their lives. Today, for most Americans, most, if not all of the aforementioned character traits are lived out in their daily lives – whether or not they have patterned their actions on the example of Benjamin Franklin. Benjamin Franklin who lived from January 17, 1706 to April 17, 1790, was possibly the most famous 18th century American, next only to George Washington. He authored Poor Richard’s Almanac under the pseudonym Richard Saunders, which writing contained advice on how to get ahead in the world. Apparently, he followed his own advice and by 1757 made a small fortune for himself. His reports on electrical experiments and theories brought him fame among European scientific circles. It was about this time that he was starting a lengthy career as a politician. He became chief spokesman for the British colonies in their debates with the king’s ministers. In 1776, he was a member of the Committee of Five that

Economics of Social Issues Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economics of Social Issues - Assignment Example The total budget deficit does not reflect the effect of all expenses and revenues of the federal government. Some items of expense and revenue are marked as off-budget while others are on-budget. The total budget deficit is the combined effect of the off-budget and on-budget categories. The items that are not included in the on-budget category include the social security payments and unemployment benefits. For most of the past decades the on-budget categories have resulted in a deficit which has been offset by a surplus in the off-budget categories to result in a lower total budget deficit, as in 2012. Cyclical deficits are less of a concern than structural deficits because they are of a temporary nature while structural deficits can be more persistent and even lead to inflation. Cyclical deficits arise as the economy goes through different phases of the business cycle (Arnold, 2010, p. 236). They occur especially during the recession phase when the government has to increase spending on social support. Structural deficits are more permanent and reflect fiscal mismanagement despite the business cycle. If the government cannot derive a reasonable return on them, it may have to print more currency or take on additional debt to pay off the deficit. Budget deficits tend to result in a crowding out of private firm and as a result private sector investment is reduced (Arnold, 2010, p. 241). The government borrows from the private sector to fund its deficit spending and to pay off creditors. As a result, the private sector is left with fewer funds to invest. As this also reduces the employability of private firms, the number of jobs in the economy also reduces. The graph shows the effect of budget deficit on the loanable funds market. The government issues bonds to cover its deficit spending which increases the demand for credit and the demand

Causes of the Middle East Instability Since the End of the Second Essay

Causes of the Middle East Instability Since the End of the Second World War - Essay Example Firstly, the essay will discuss the fundamental concepts such as the working definition of the Middle East and the strategic importance of its geographical location. Â  The discussion shall proceed to the Israeli-Arab dispute and examine its origins and developments, and how these relate to the superpower intervention in the region, its advantages and disadvantages. Â  Thirdly, the role of oil exploration and exportation and the likely scenario in the economy shall be discussed. Â  Firstly, the essay will discuss the fundamental concepts such as the working definition of the Middle East and the strategic importance of its geographical location. Â  The discussion shall proceed to the Israeli-Arab dispute and examine its origins and developments, and how these relate to the superpower intervention in the region, its advantages and disadvantages. Â  Thirdly, the role of oil exploration and exportation and the likely scenario in the economy shall be discussed. Â   A particularly se nsitive discussion of terrorism follows, and the ties it holds to the region’s fundamentalist Islamic segment. Â  Part of the discussion shall be why terrorism should not be equated with Islam which decries the ends, means and methods taken by terrorists purportedly in the name of their faith. Â  Finally, the essay winds up with a closer look at patterns of conflict among the Middle East countries, and prospects that loom large in its future. Â  The conclusion assesses whether or not stability is likely for the Middle East. Because of the breadth of the study in the sheer number of topics to be discussed, deeper treatments of their implications will not be attempted here. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive picture of the Middle East, and how instability resulted from the developments in the past. 2. Definitions 2.1 What is the Middle East The Middle East is aptly named, because it is situated where the great continents of Africa, Asia, and Europe converge. While the countries of the Middle East are considered part of Asia, there are many aspects of the varied cultures in this area that combine aspects of the cultures of the three continents that surround it. There are varied opinions concerning which countries comprise the modern definition of the Middle East. Armenia and Azerbaijan, for instance, have historically been counted as Middle East countries, but because of the several interim contemporary developments, they have been accorded greater recognition as European countries, since their economic and political trends are more closely aligned with the greater Europe. The same is true for the former Russian republic of Georgia, and of Cyprus. On the other hand, there is some confusion as to whether Egypt should be counted among the

Performance Management in Corrections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Performance Management in Corrections - Essay Example There are several problems with this team member that need to be addressed appropriately by Gary when he has the meeting with this team member.   The first issue at hand is to discuss the team member’s strengths. Then, after having recapped what he appreciates about the team members work performance, he should then try to tackle the more pressing issues that make this team member’s work performance so dismal as of late. The first major issue is that the team member has unexplained absenteeism. The second major issue is that the team member has been sleeping on the night shift. The third major issue is that the team member is not making mandatory security checks. All of these issues are going to be discussed here. alerted by Gary that one should not be absent so much for work. Not only is this unreliable on his part, but it shows that he doesn’t care much for his job or think about the safety of his co-workers. It demonstrates a visible and obvious lack of professionalism, and as well as demonstrates that the team member is not taking his or her job seriously by continually having repeat absences occur. Gary must let the team member know that such behaviour will not be tolerated—and that if he or she does not change his or her ways, that person will no longer be employed on the team—standards that everyone has to indeed follow. member is not getting paid to sleep on the job; the team member is being paid to be awake during some of the most important hours of the day in order to stop problems from happening. If the team member is asleep, however, he or she cannot prevent small issues from snowballing into even larger ones. Sleeping on the night shift could be especially detrimental to a corrections officer if there was a prisoner at-large, and that could cost the team member his or her life. A lot of these people in the jail facility are hardened criminals, and it is very possible that this could pose a problem in the future if the team member continued to sleep on the job while other important things were going on and happening.

The Acts of Remembering and Memorializing Assignment

The Acts of Remembering and Memorializing - Assignment Example The rhetoric significance of the artifact becomes the critical issue that invites fresh interpretations that affect the present and the future. According to Foss (1986), Vietnam Veterans Memorial successfully appeals to the visitors because it not only violates the conventional form and expectations but exploits visitors’ personal experience and evokes memories that are unique. Foss believes that aesthetic response and rhetoric response are different. Aesthetic response is designed towards providing visitors with pleasant sensory feelings, especially the visual aspects in terms of color, shape, design etc. But the rhetoric response tends to explore hidden meaning to the shape, color, and environment. The difference between the two is important because aesthetic and rhetoric responses together give credence to the success of the artifact. They ensure that it serves its basic purpose of remembering and memorialization of past which can be interpreted creatively to connect with the present. According to Blair and Michel (2000), the Civil Rights Memorial performs civil rights tactics because the artifact is able to engage visitors and goads them to delve deeper and connect. This is interesting because the artifact is strategically located at Montgomery, Alabama which is rich in civil rights history and on the open plaza which is near to the Church where Martin Luther King served as pastor and where the voting march rights had ended in 1965. Performance plays important role in the remembering and memorializing because the public memorials need to evoke images of the past which should instigate responses from the visitors and engage them in constructive dialogues. Blair and Michel’s ideas closely relate with that of Olson, Finnegan, and Hope because they all agree that public memorials impel rhetoric responses which make people interact not only with the artifacts but also with the historical past.

Billy Budd Sailor Essay Example for Free

Billy Budd Sailor Essay Billy Budd, Sailor, a novel by Herman Melville, at first sight, seems like it is nothing else but the story of a sailor who is executed after being wrongly accused of mutiny. But when one examines the story deeply one finds that the story has a different meaning and that Billy Budd resembles Christ in many ways. Billy Budd as a Christ figure According to the author’s description, Billy Budd, the main protagonist, like Christ was handsome, pure and as innocent as a child in a world full of evil men. He had the same physical features of Christ. Like Christ, he had blue eyes and a symmetrical figure. The resemblance is evident in the first chapter when Captain Graveling, after the crew stopped fighting as soon as Billy joined them, says that Billy neither preached nor said anything to the crew. There was a kind of virtuousness in him that reached out to people. (Melville, 1924) The author here alludes to Christ who was also virtuous and healed all those who came into contact with him. The symbolism is more evident in the end chapters, especially in the scenes of the death of Billy Budd. For instance, Captain Vere cries, â€Å"Struck dead by an angel of God! † (Melville, 1924) after Billy strikes Claggart, and then says, â€Å"Yet the angel must hang†, (Melville, 1924) when he realizes that Billy has to die. Billy, before he dies, says, â€Å"God bless Captain Vere†. (Melville, 1924) All this reminds us of Christ. Christ like Billy in the novel forgave all those who were responsible for his death. The resemblance is all the more evident in the last chapter when Billy is executed. Here the author describes how Billy’s shipmates worship the gallows from which Billy was hung. Christ’s followers too worshipped the Cross. The setting and all the events that take place have a striking resemblance to the events that took place when Christ was executed. In conclusion it can be said that Billy Budd in the novel is not an ordinary sailor but a Christ-like figure, a symbol of Christ with characteristics of Christ. Just as Christ was a victim of an antagonistic society and had to sacrifice his life, Billy Budd too was an innocent victim of society and had to sacrifice his life. References Melville, Herman (1924), Billy Budd, Sailor, The University of Chicago Press, 1962.

Preparedness And Response Cyclone Nargis Health And Social Care Essay

Preparedness And Response Cyclone Nargis Health And Social Care Essay Background: The community awareness, preparedness and response to public health emergencies are essential for successful response to public health emergencies and the study is carried out to determine the community awareness and perception on health sector preparedness and response to Cyclone Nargis which is the worst natural disaster in history of Myanmar. Methods: Total of 6 focus group discussions are carried out in 3 villages which are severely affected by Cyclone Nargis. Manual thematic content analysis is done to determine the community perception by qualitatively. Results: Majority of the participants knew the warning for the cyclone but they are unaware on what the intensity and where to make landfall of cyclone. There are some gaps on preparedness due to lack of experience to previous cyclone and weakness in knowledge for how to prepare for cyclone. There is some training and education on public health emergencies management before the cyclone but the application and coverage of the training and education were not enough to make adequate preparedness by community. Almost all of the participants get some kinds of health services and relieve items by health sector with majority of them are positive attitudes towards health services given to them. However, most of the participants mentioned that they are not interested in health education given to them. Except for a few participants, they know how to prepare for future cyclone and the knowledge should be maintained. Conclusion: Based on the results, there was some weakness in community level awareness on how to prepare and response to cyclone before the Cyclone Nargis. However, community awareness is significantly improved after Cyclone Nargis but health sector should make sure to sustain the awareness for optimal preparedness and response to public health emergencies. Background Major emergencies, disasters and crises are approximately 450 to 800 major emergencies per year and are affecting social, economic of the community and public [1, 2]. Cyclone Nargis struck the coast of Myanmar on 2 and 3 May, 2008 and moved inland through Ayeyarwady Delta causing many deaths, destroying infrastructure, affecting on economic and social activities. It was the most devastating natural disaster in history of Myanmar and the most deadly cyclone in Asia since 1991 [3]. Although many emergencies are often unpredictable, but the impact of disaster can prevent and mitigate by strengthening the response capacity of nations and communities at risk [2]. Community level preparedness is also important because people at community level are first responder to emergencies and disaster [4]. It is also recommended that humanitarian action and health services in emergencies and disasters must respect for the culture and health perceptions of the affected communities [5]. Mortality due t o the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was concentrated in the first few days of the disaster [6] and community preparedness is essential for prevent unnecessary death. Focus group discussion is useful to assess the perception of disaster preparedness program and their attitude on disasters and emergencies [7]. The study done by Nozawa M also revealed that the awareness and behavior of the community are essential for following with evacuations advice [8]. By focus group discussion, it can also identify the socioeconomic and behaviors factors related to disaster preparedness and response and it is useful for disaster management in the specific area [9, 10]. It is also advisable that obtaining feedback from community about their perception on relief operations is essential for future planning and response to disaster [11]. By finding out the community perception on preparedness and response to Cyclone Nargis, the results will be useful for the future public health emergency preparedness and response in Myanmar. Materials and Methods Study design Cross sectional study design with qualitative method (focus group discussion) is used for determination on perception of community awareness on preparedness and response by health sector to Cyclone Nargis. Study population The study population is selected from Ngapudaw, Labutta, Bogale, Pyapon, Dedaye, Mawlamyinegyun, kungyangon townships which experienced high mortality due to Cyclone Nargis. The study is carried out in 3 villages, namely amar village and kyan-ka-dune village in pyapone township and mangalake village in kynechangone township which is severely affected by Cyclone Nargis. In each village two focus group discussions, one for community members and one for government personnel and community leaders, are carried out. Each focus group of between 6 to 9 women and men are selected according to criteria such as adult men and women with age above 18 years old and at least one third are women; one group compose of government service personnel such as health, education, agriculture, police and community leader and another group compose of ordinary community members. Survey instruments The questionnaires such as information, warning, education and training, public health services and curative health services given to the community by health sector prior to and after Cyclone Nargis are prepared for assessment of community perception on preparedness and response to Cyclone Nargis by health sector. The focus group discussions are recorded by tape and notes and the discussion time range from 65 to 95 minutes. Sampling methods Multistage sampling methods are used for selection of 3 sites for focus group discussion to assess the community awareness about emergency preparedness and response. Two townships are selected by simple random sampling methods among Ngapudaw, Labutta, Bogale, Pyapon, Dedaye, Mawlamyinegyun and Kungyankone townships which suffered the high mortality during Cyclone Nargis. Finally, one or two villages from each township are selected by simple random sampling methods. The participants for community members are choose from different occupations, education levels and different sections of village by purposive sampling. Data collection and analysis The ethical approvals from Ministry of Health, Myanmar and Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University are already getting prior to carry out the focus group discussion. The focus group discussion is carried out in April 2010. Two facilitators and two note takers are used to carry out the focus group discussion. The data from focus group discussion is coded by two persons to summarize the answers from participants on information, preparedness and response to Cyclone Nargis by health sectors. Agreement between the two coders is determined and if agreement is good, manual thematic content analysis is used to analyze by qualitatively to find out their experiences on information, warning, education and training, public health services and curative health services given to the community by health sector prior to and after Cyclone Nargis. Characteristics of participants The total of 22 community members is involved in 3 community members groups. The youngest is 18 years old and the oldest is 58 years old with mean age is 34.4 years in this group. Most of the community members are farmers and others are students, merchants, fishermen, manual labors, and dependents. There are 20 participants in government personnel, community leaders and NGOs member with 7 health personnel, 5 community leaders, 5 NGOs members and 3 from other government departments. The youngest in this group is 24 years old and the oldest participant is 67 years old with mean age is 41.1 years. Information related to Cyclone Nargis Most of the participants in community members groups knew the news of warning and there were some of the participants who still didnt hear the information. Many of the participants who knew the warning said announcement was made in frequent interval from radio and television. However, they noticed the warning only in short time before the storm made land fall on their area. Majority of the participants were not aware of the intensity and where to hit the Cyclone Nargis. I knew from the television and warning was announced after every song. However, I didnt even realize the cyclone was coming to my village and only knew the warning 2-3 hours ahead. (19 years old student) Almost all of the participants in the government personnel and community members noticed the information of the storm. But some of them still didnt notice areas which were hit by Cyclone and they didnt relay information to the villagers. As a village leader, I didnt relay the warning to villagers. Most of them (villagers) knew and they didnt expect this intensity. (42 years old village leader) For the source of warning, most of the villagers received Nargis warning from mass media such as radio and television. Most of the villagers knew from radio and they didnt do anything. Because of lack of electricity in my village, we relied on radio for information.(37 years old woman) Generally, the villagers knew the Cyclone Nargis information from mass media but they lack the knowledge on interpretation of the warning. The villagers noticed the warning in short time which is not enough to make adequate preparedness for the Cyclone. Perception and preparedness on Cyclone Nargis Majority of participants mention they didnt have almost none of preparedness due to lack of previous experience on how to response to cyclone. There were also due to gaps in knowledge on Cyclone Nargis heading to their area. A few mentioned on religious believe (KARMA) for doing nothing. Every human being has the birth and death as religious believe and I didnt prepare anything. (53 years old woman) I didnt have any preparedness because I have never experienced like this before. The warning didnt include how to prepare and it didnt disturb my meal. (39 years old women) They left their home after cyclone damaged their home and went to religious and public buildings for shelter. My house destroyed by Cyclone at 10pm, my family went to village monastery. Every villager went to monastery because it was situated in high ground and quite strong. Our village was quite fortunate with a few deaths to take shelter in monastery but in Laut-me village some causalities occurred. (23 years old woman) One participant from government personnel and community leaders mentioned stimulation exercises in his area after the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2005 but villagers were not interested. Tsunami drill was carried out in my village at national level through division and townships after tsunami in 2005. Unfortunately, the villagers were not interested. (53 years old health staff) Overall, the villagers didnt know how to prepare for Cyclone due to lack of interest and weakness in education or training on Cyclone preparedness before Nargis. Training on disaster preparedness and response before Cyclone Nargis Majority of the participants pointed that there was some gaps or weakness of training on disaster preparedness and response in their area one year before Cyclone Nargis. One health personnel mentioned the receiving training for disaster management in undergraduate program before Nargis but she wasnt familiar with how to apply in public health emergency situations. In health assistance training program, the topic (disaster management) was included. I didnt relay the education on the villagers because they were not interested. (30 years old health staff) Some participants said the disaster preparedness topic was involved in basic education curriculum for school children but parents were not interested. Health services after cyclone Nargis All the villages from which the participants resided received some kinds of health services after Cyclone Nargis and on the other hand, the arriving of medical teams to their villages ranged from 2 days to 2 weeks. They took treatments from medical teams if they had the health problems and there were few complaints of inexperienced medical teams. Medical teams included both experienced and inexperienced teams. It is better to come by experienced medical teams. (35 years old farmer) Almost all of the participants received some relieve materials such as water and sanitation items, bed nets and medicines from health sector but difference in receiving relieve items among villages were mentioned by some villagers. First medical team arrived in 10 days after Cyclone and villagers seek treatment from the team. They distributed water purification tablets but the villagers didnt know how to use and the smell was quite strong. (43 years old man) Most of the villagers mentioned the success in sanitary latrine construction but the others said it was not successful in their villages due to the facts that the poor villagers could not construct sanitary latrine by supplying of only latrine pans. constructed the sanitary latrines for free and there was almost no sanitary latrine at the villages before Nargis. The villagers constructed them because the organization provide not only latrine pan, but also give construction cost. (45 years old farmer) Few villagers mentioned the lack of psychosocial health care and dead bodies clearance in their villages. Majority said they only went to health education if they were given some incentives such as relieving items. Health education on communicable diseases were present, most of the villagers did not join because they were busy and not settled. (24 years old woman) The health personnel also pointed out that the villagers were seeking treatments from medical teams that resulted in success of immunization program and others. However, they mentioned the lack of interest on health education by villagers. Generally, the villagers took health services given by health sectors if required but not interested in health education. Attitudes towards health care after Cyclone Nargis Almost all villagers said they were satisfied with health care provided but they preferred those who paid them all expenses including referral expenses. They also preferred the station medical teams to mobile teams due to availability of health services all the times. We were satisfied with all medical teams, they gave enough drugs. The diseases were also cured and villagers sought treatment. But, we preferred onsite team for seeking treatment in time of need. (19 years old woman) Most of the participants are positive attitudes towards relive items provided by health sector and community leaders also pointed out the villagers were satisfied with receiving relieve items because they are poor. We preferred organizations () for giving both treatments and relieve items. Most of the villagers were satisfied if the team gave relieve items. (42 years old village leader) Health personnel mentioned coordination between NGOs and township health department was good and some complaint of inappropriate or more than enough supply of items was provided to them. Township arranged the coordination meetings and there was no overlapping of medical teams in one area. But, some of items arrived in more than enough quantity such as malaria drugs, B1 tablets and surgical instruments. Our township was not malaria prevalent. (53 years old health staff) Majority of villagers mentioned lack of interest in health education because they were busy with their work. The health personnel also mentioned the success of some health programs such as immunization after Cyclone Nargis but stressed on lack of interest on health educations by villagers. Villagers came to health education if only given relieve items because they were poor and quite negative attitudes towards health education. (34 years old health staff) Generally, villagers had positive attitudes towards the medical teams and relived items given by medical teams. On the other hands, they didnt want to participate in health education due to several reasons. Common diseases and illness after cyclone Nargis The villagers pointed out that pneumonia, ARI, diarrhea diseases, injuries and mental health problems were common health problems in their area immediately and within 6 months after Cyclone Nargis. Health personnel also agreed with the common health problems mentioned by villagers. The health personnel also reported that there was no outbreak of communicable diseases within 6 months after Cyclone. The villagers suffered diarrhea, common cold, pneumonia especially in children, abdominal pain. Some suffered the injuries due to Nargis. We got enough drugs with no costs. (25 years old fisherman) Generally, the health problems mention by villagers was compatible with common diseases reported by health management information systems/INGOs after Cyclone (11). How to prepare for future Cyclone The villagers, community leaders and government personnel stressed the importance of construction of cyclone shelter and disaster resistance building, presence of life jacket, drinking water and food as preparedness for Cyclone. They also desired to store drugs, tents and water and sanitation items in health centers because of roads blockage after Cyclone. They would like to get advanced warning on Cyclone and carry out of drill and training on disasters. There are also a few villagers, who dont want to make any preparedness due to belief on KARMA (religious belief). Life jackets should be distributed to villagers and villagers should prepare for water containers and water because the ponds could not be used after Cyclone because of entrance of seawater. (47 years old woman) As a hospital, we should predisposition of essential drugs, water and sanitation items, and temporary tents for patients because the hospital can be destroy by Cyclone. Drill should be carried out as preparation for disaster. (53 years old health staff) Overall, the participants had awareness on how to prepare and response to future Cyclone and this knowledge should be sustained. Discussion Data from the study revealed that some villagers and community members will not be familiar with the weather warnings and there should be strengthening of education programs for community on familiar with weather warnings. Weather warnings should include how to prepare and response for Cyclone. Warnings should also be through village leaders because of unawareness the warning from mass media by some villagers. Education on common disasters term such as intensity of hurricane can increase the community knowledge about hazards risks [13]. It is also recommended that the warning should be advanced for enough time on evacuation and preparedness by community and should include how to prepare and response. The communities are first responder to emergencies and there is also advisable that strengthening of community based training on how to prepare and response to disaster [4]. The villagers will take shelter in public places and religious building in emergency situation and public and reli gious buildings should be disaster resistant. World Health Organization also recommended that construction of disaster resistant health facilities as safe hospital initiatives [14, 15]. Sometimes, it may take 48 to 72 hours to take outside medical teams to reach the disaster affected area [16] and community search and rescue team with predispositions of medicines and equipments should be strengthened at township levels based on need assessment for immediate response before the outside medical team arrived [14]. Topics on health sector disaster management should be strengthening in training of basic health staffs because basic health staffs are giving the essential health care at community level. Without proper coordination among different stakeholders, response to public health emergencies/disasters may have negative impact [17]. Good coordination for medical services between stakeholders in response to Cyclone Nargis should be maintained for future public health emergency response. The relief operation should consider the local context affected by disaster and sometime the relief operation fails to consider the local beliefs and contexts [5]. The most of the focus group participants are positive attitudes towards health services given to them but also consider the voices of concern from a few participants especially the vulnerable population in future public health emergency response [13, 18]. It is also recommended that distribution of drugs and medical equipments should be based on requirements at community level. Sustainability of community awareness is also important for public health emergencies management and health sector should also consider how to make attractive for health education given to disaster affected population [19]. In addition, Ricon et al revealed that previous exposure to hurricane may not have affect on better preparedness to future hurricane in United States [20]. Cyclone shelters should be constructed in big villages situated in stor m surge area because disaster resistance buildings reduce the risk of disasters [17]. Drill is the best practice for testing of public health emergencies preparedness and drill involving community should be done at least yearly for readiness for preparedness [4]. Limitations There are also limitations about the study. Firstly, study population will not reflect the perception of the whole population due to small sample size. Secondly, information bias may likely to come out because the study is carried out two years after the events. Conclusion There is some weakness in community awareness, preparation and response to Cyclone Nargis. Community level planning, awareness, preparedness and response are essential for prevention and response to public health emergency. It is found that community awareness is significantly improved after Cyclone Nargis and health sector must sustain the community level awareness because of the low frequency and high impact nature of major disasters. Competing interests The authors declare that there have no competing interests. Authors contributions NWM, JK, PS were involved in the conceptualization and design of the study. NWM prepared research instruments and other study logistics, collected data in Myanmar. KWT assisted in study management and data support in Myanmar. KC, PS, AKM, PP provided conceptual framework and technical support for the study. NWM and JK performed analyses and drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements We would like to thank Myanmar Ministry of Health for permission to carry out the study. We give special thanks to Pyapone District Health Department and Kungyankone Township Health Department and the participants for focus group discussions to take part in study. Thank you DAAD and SEAMEO-TROMED for their partially support in research grant.

Crime Prevention Technology

Crime Prevention Technology Over the years, government agencies have sought ways to combat crime. Our Criminal Justice System is in a state of crisis due to prisons being over crowded. It is better to prevent a crime than to punish the individual for a crime once it has affected more parties. It is evident with the number of crimes reported in the media, instead of reducing the number of crimes taking place, it is increasing. That itself shows the urgency nations attention on crime prevention. Research indicates that certain individuals in society are more prone follow and maintain a criminal career. Furthermore, there appears seems to be with an obvious pattern among the individuals who have been jailed for committing serious crimes. For example men from disadvantaged backgrounds, with disloyal personalities and poor impulse control are regarded as having high risk personality to commit crime. As a result, it is important that Sri Lankan Criminal Justice System recognizes these high risk individuals and implement certain preventative measures to discourage them from a criminal path. 3. Today it has become important more than ever to control these individuals who are seriously damaging the nations will. As indicated by research, there appears to be a strong link between the seriousness of the act (ex, rape, armed robbery and murder etc.) committed by an individual and the number of times these individuals have come into contact with the Criminal Justice System. Therefore, it is easy to assume that the re-offending rates in Sri Lanka would be significantly higher. Hence, it is essential that the governing bodies work towards bringing down the rates of re-offending in Sri Lanka. With the help of modern technology this may become a more attainable goal. AIM 4. To indicate the role and importance of technology to prevent crimes and through that maintain law and order in Sri Lanka EXPLANATION ON CRIME 5. Crime could be defined as a breach of laws for which a countrys Criminal Justice System may ultimately enforce a guilty sentence. Crimes can be classified into felonies, misdemeanours and infraction. a. A felony is considered to be the most serious type of crime and it includes the issues related to assault, murder, rape, robbery etc. b. A Misdemeanours are less serious than felonies. It is therefore distinguished by the length or gravity of the punishment issued to the individual. These include simple assaults, Driving under the Influence of alcohol or drugs (more commonly known as DUI) and disorderly conduct in public. c. Infractions are the least serious type of crime. It includes common traffic offences, breaching speed limits. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CRIME AND TECHNOLOGY 6. Advancement in technology appears to be a double edged sword as it has created a whole new spectrum of crime and this same technology helps the law enforcement combat, prevent to or capture these criminals. For example, in addition to dealing with crimes such as murder, robbery, rape law enforcement agencies are forced to deal with internet crimes such as internet hackers, internet stalkers, internet viruses and the use of the internet to cheat are the example of a few. On a positive aspect this same technology could be utilized to increase the power and range of the law enforcement agencies. For example, technology could be used to prevent certain types crime from happening to ultimately capturing these criminals who have committed the crime. 7. Surveillance videos, fingerprint technology and DNA evidence could also be used in a court of law to help send to prison and punish these individuals without relying solely on human witnesses. There were many experiences and so many stories where that human memory has had devastating influences on certain individuals who were wrongly confined. On a positive note, most of these wrongly accused have since been released from confinement with the help of modern technology such as DNA evidence and fingerprint evidence. WHAT ARE THE CRIMES IN SRI LANKA 8. According to the Sri Lankan Police website, during the year 2010 home invasions, theft and robbery, knife attacks, homicide attempts to commit suicide and grievous harm are among the crimes that predominately committed by the Sri Lankan population are probably indicative only of reported crime as culturally Sri Lankans are less likely to report personal crimes such as domestic assaults, rapes and childhood sexual assaults because of the disgrace attached to these crimes. For example, often people are either too afraid or too ashamed regarding the circumstances and therefore are less likely to seek help and support from authorities. USE OF TECHNOLOGY TO CURB CRIMES IN SRI LANKA AS AT PRESENT AND AREAS TO IMPROVE 9. Technology is already being used to obtain evidence and capture criminals. However, we do not use technology that much, to prevent crimes in comparison to post criminal activities. Law enforcement agencies rely heavily on fingerprinting technology and the Sri Lankan Criminal Justice System had recognizes these advancements in technology. For example, DNA, fingerprinting, through telephone call details, surveillance cameras, digital photos and videos are now recognized in a court of law. FINGERPRINT TECHNOLOGY 10. Fingerprint technology has been used for more than a century and the FBI in America have used fingerprinting technology as far as 1924 in criminal investigations. Even though, Sri Lankan law enforcement agencies didnt use fingerprinting technology that far back in time, but they have relied on this technology for the past few decades of time. 11. Fingerprinting technology is a relatively cheap and it is still considered to be one of the most reliable forms of evidence in a court of law. A persons individual appearance may change with time, but it is impossible to change an individuals fingerprint. That is the main motive for them to rely on this old technology this much. 12. As Sri Lanka is a developing country we are lack with many resources to use and same goes with expensive technology, even which are readily available to use in the first world nations. Fingerprinting technology is relatively low cost, therefore Sri Lanka doesnt need to depend on foreign countries and we have the technology too. That compels us to use it more as it is readily available within the country. 13. Currently, the Sri Lankan law enforcement agencies are in the process of storing fingerprints of criminals who are recognised by the court of law and these fingerprints are stored in databases for easy access and for future reference. The government has recognised the importance of fingerprinting technology. As a result they are in the process of introducing National Identity cards that have an individuals thumb print coupled with other information to help minimise identity theft and for easy identification. BIO METRIC TECHNOLOGY 14. DNA, infrared technology, face recognition are used widely in Western countries. These advanced technologies are used to help basically in preventing unauthorised access to sensitive information or restricted buildings and areas. At present Sri Lanka does not process the resources to use these mentioned technologies even though requirement highly exist. 15. However, DNA technology is used in Sri Lanka mainly to help identify individuals at a crime outlook. It has also been used in the past to confirm an individuals identity. A highly publicised example where DNA was used was during the 2004 Tsunami to identify the biological parents of an infant as several families claimed the infant belonged to them. 16. Unfortunately, Sri Lanka lacks the financial resources to use them on a regular basis. Currently what practise is, after collecting and securing DNA evidence it is sent to a foreign country to obtain the results. This can often be very expensive and highly time consuming. CLOSE CIRCUIT TELEVISION 17. Close Circuit Television or more commonly known as CCTV is relatively new in Sri Lanka. CCTV has the potential to help control criminal and disorderly behavior in community. Research conducted in this area states that CCTV cameras help prevent crime by increasing the chances of getting caught and by further obtaining the evidence required to convict these individuals. Further it would help monitor offenders behaviors and patterns. 18. CCTV cameras may help citizens be cautionary through its presence. For example, research indicates that individuals are likely to be hesitant of committing a crimes commonly happening, such as shop-lifting when they are made aware that all their behaviors and actions are being monitored. Sri Lankan banks and money handling agencies use CCTV to help reduce bank robberies. If a robbery does take place, with its information security personals can activate their contingency plans in preventing robbery is been succeed and even filing so CCTV can then be used to gather evidence. 19. There are five disadvantages in using CCTV, for example it is costly and it can be time consuming to go through the surveillance tapes once a crime has been committed. However, a good surveillance system may help cut down the number of crimes committed. Furthermore, CCTV cameras will help law agencies recognize, catch and convict individuals. It would also help further because, if an individual is caught on camera then there would be no argument as to what is being done. It would become extremely difficult for their layers to argue or make excuses for their behaviors when caught in the action. MOBILE POLICE VEHICLES 20. With the development of the communication, with in a matter of seconds, individuals can inform authorities about a crime, details relating to incidents, regarding a person or any other related issues through a phone. With the introduction of mobile police vehicle system use of that technological advantages have become very effective both for preventives and passive criminal counter actions. 21. It had been used in the past to combat terrorism, because of its rapid and effective accessibility. Same as that it will be effective provided with some improvements to the system. USE OF MEDIA 22. Media plays a vital role in counter criminal activities. We have experienced during the war against the LTTE how effectively it can be used. There were occasions when suspected persons photographs and details were flashed on the screen on televisions, almost immediately and sometimes within a day, the information reached the authorities through vigilant civilians. 23. With the use of media, the authorities could use the population of over 20 million citizens of Sri Lanka to help observe and then report if any criminal activities take place. As it is impossible for governing agencies to monitor everywhere due to the lack of man power and resources it will be an added advantage. Therefore media could be used to distribute current information to the public and authorities could then use information reported by the citizens. 24. As mentioned previously, when it comes to personal crimes from a cultural perspective individuals are less likely to inform authorities. Television programmes such as Thiththa Aththa and Gahaniya use the media to encourage individuals to report and discuss these sensitive issues. On the opposite side of things, the same information that is used to help understand the circumstances of an incident, then it can be used by a criminal to cover his or her tracks. DIFFICULTIES FACED IN USE OF TECHNOLOGY ECONOMY 25. According to recent data, Britain is monitored by 4 million Close Circuit Television (CCTV) cameras making them the most watched nation in the world. British governing body insists that the use of CCTV cameras should be viewed as being beneficial and protective. Sri Lanka does require a large amount of CCTV systems if it is to cover the required places effectively in entire country. 26. A very basic camera system may cost about Rs. 100,000. As it is very expensive, it prevents Sri Lanka from using the required number of CCTV cameras. This same cost factor affects the use of other effective technologies such as use of DNA or Bio metric technology. LACK WITH KNOWLEDGE, EXPERTISE AND SKILL PERSONAL 27. Lack of skilled personals and professional knowledge has become another limiting factor in use of modern technology. Sri Lankan education system does not recognise the importance of technology in combating crime with the use of Bio metric technology. 28. There is a huge brain-drain as most educated individuals in this area of expertise are likely to leave Sri Lanka for lack of employment. For example, even if these individuals have the knowledge, as Sri Lanka lacks the infrastructure, required equipment as well as the technology to maintain the level required to have a functioning Bio metric system. This then compels Sri Lanka to depend mainly on foreign technology and expertise. KNOWLEDGE LAPSES AMONG THE CITIZENS 29. Sri Lanka is still a developing country. The ageing populations as well as the citizens in the rural areas in Sri Lanka are not aware of the available technology. For example, our grandparents would not be comfortable using a mobile phone. Even though the younger generation is aware of the benefits computers offer, in comparison to India, Sri Lankas IT literacy rate is comparatively low. 30. Another complication arises in trying to introduce National Identity cards with the thumb print. Even if this technology was introduced, citizens need to be made aware of the basic functions and the methods to use them. LACKS IN INFRASTRUCTURES FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT 31. Infrastructure requirement for sensitive scientific subject like bio metric or commonly known as DNA are not available in the island, for that matter we are totally depended on other countries. This is leading to have more issues with time factor, economic factor and therefore tendency of using these technologies will always with some limitations. 32. Not only the infrastructure, more importantly we do not even have the required equipments. For example we are in a process of introducing an identity card with finger print and with many other details. But to achieve the purpose those authority that are going to check the identity on the ground must be equipped with required mechanism to use the technology. If not having all required data, if those authorities happened to go with manual identification the entire purpose cannot be achieved. TRAINING ISSUE 33. As discussed above, the level of IT literacy is relatively low in Sri Lanka. It would be extremely expensive to train individuals from the beginning and it would also be very time consuming. 34. Training would only be beneficial if the individual chosen is able to understand and remember what is expected of them. However, at the moment it is important to recognize individuals with some basic knowledge and interest in computers. This will help eliminate individuals unsuitable for the training programs. SUMMARY 35. As same as any other field influence of the technology is a factor which is unavoidable for both crime and counter criminal activities. It is well understood that it is better to prevent a crime than to punish the individual for a crime once it has affected more parties. But the available technology that, which we are equipped with is been basically used for post criminal activities. However as at today there is urgency in use of technology for preventive mashers too. Because we are with enough details on that, certain individuals in society are more prone follow and maintain a criminal career. Furthermore, there appears seems to be with an obvious pattern among the individuals who have been jailed for committing serious crimes. 36. Fingerprint technology, DNA or bio metric technology, Circuit Television or more commonly known as CCTV and mobile police vehicle system are used in Sri Lanka in counter criminal activities with many difficulties. Media also plays a vital role in counter criminal activities and again it is a double edged weapon which plays negative role too. 37. Sri Lanka is a developing nation who has many difficulties in case of economy. There for the cost factor is being recognized as the main barrier in using technology against crime. Lack of skilled personals and professional knowledge, lack the infrastructure, lack equipment as well as the technology, training issues are the other difficulties faced by the authorities. 38. Having being identified the areas where, more attention of the authority is highly essential now we have to up lift the awareness of the society to get the proper use of technology in order to achieve our ultimate aim by maintaining countries low and order. RECOMMENDATIONS 39. Sri Lanka is a developing nation. Therefore, we only have access to limited resources. Hence, it becomes important to identify the requirements to prevent crime. It is true that justice cannot be determined by Rupees and cents, however, any changes to the system must be considered with concern for its cost effectiveness. For example, even if certain technologies have been used successfully in Western Countries, it does not necessarily mean that the same technology would be appropriate to use in Sri Lanka. 40. As average citizens may not be aware of the technology available, it may help to have a national wide education programme through the use of media and many other means. This has to be done before introducing any technology which may lead to confusion among the citizens. 41. At the school level children are to be taught about technology and the benefits of computers as we need to train the next generation. In turn this knowledge of the children can be used to educate their families on the same aspect. 42. Sri Lanka needs to enhance its databases. It would be beneficial to recognize and train individuals in computing skills. These individuals could then be used to help collect the most relevant data and help store them accurately for future references. 43. On the other hand the governing body needs an eliminating programme to recognize potential individual that would be of value to them in the future after the training is completed. It is important to realize that as we lack the skill levels and the resources to train these individuals, the governing agencies to need help from foreign countries. The initial cost would expensive but in the long run it would benefit Sri Lanka 44. New technology that such as CCTV is likely to become an essential tool when controlling criminals and their behaviors in time to come. However, it is important that law agencies do not only rely on CCTV cameras to attain this goal. For example, if the police force is aware that a certain area has CCTV cameras installed, they are less likely to frequent that particular area. If an individual gets assaulted in an area that has CCTV, the police may not be able to get to that area in time to help the victim. It is true that, the police could use the video to help catch the criminal after the crime has been committed but unfortunately, this may be of little consolidation for the already victimized individual. 45. If we were to increase the number of patrol cars used, we should focus on the crime-ridden areas. This would help maximize the man power and resources used. It may also help if the patrol cars have access to a cellular phone. These vehicles are to be equipped with GPS to gain more advance passion over counter parties. This way, if a crime is reported, the dispatch centre would then be able to direct the closest patrol car to the area. 46. In response to personal crimes such as rape and domestic assault, media could be used to reach out the average citizens still living in the rural areas. It might help to encourage the younger generations to reach out to their elders regarding this matter. If people are made aware that these issues could be resolved with help, more victims may come forward without worrying about being made ridiculed by their peers. It may also help to start these educational policies at school levels and encourage children to speak to their parents and relations. This may then promote gender and social equality in Sri Lanka.

Car And Bicycle Brakes :: essays research papers

Caliper Brakes Effectiveness: good mechanical advantage as it allows the operator to brake with little effort on the hydraulic lever, which needs to be squeezed. Material: Calipers are fixed mount, opposed piston calipers cast from aluminium alloy. Calipers are the hydraulic clamp portion of the disc braking system. Manufactured from either ferrous or non-ferrous materials and bolted firmly to the suspension upright(or knuckle) the caliper holds the pads in place and, through the action hydraulic pistons actuated by the master cylinder, force them against the rotating surface of the disc when pressure is applied to the brake pedal. Friction Material: non asbestos brake pads Car differences: size is one major difference in car and bike systems. The systems can be totally different but still use hydraulic mechanisms. Cantilever Brakes Effectiveness: provide good power and modulation. They are very effective in stopping the bike because they provide a large stopping force, but the rider’s heel will hit the brake and may irritate the rider and cause the brakes to ruin. Material: includes 2 brake shoes and a brake pad Friction Material: non asbestos brake pads. Car differences: size and shape. Also consists of lighter materials. V Brakes Effectiveness: basically the same as above. Material: Friction Material: Car differences: Drum Brakes Effectiveness: Very good brakins system as they wear very slowly and are not afftected by weather. Also used with Disc Brakes. Being on the rear. Material: A bike drum brake is hand operated which is attached to the hub of the wheel, the shoes press on the inside of the drum. Friction Material: Non asbestos fibre. Car differences: In bikes they are hand operated and in cars they are foot. Drum brakes are completely different to hydraulic brakes. Hydraulic disc Brakes Effectiveness: Hydraulic brakes have a great mechanical advantage therefore are a very good design of braking system.

Solar Physics Essay -- solar physics

The star we call the Sun has a number of small objects circling around it. Many other stars in our Galaxy have objects orbiting them too and astronomers have recently discovered a few of these other systems already. The largest members of the Sun's family are called planets, and one of these we call home. That planet, Earth, has many unique characteristics that enable life to exist on it. What are the other planets like? We have learned more about our solar system in the past few decades than probably any other field of astronomy. The planets are no longer just objects up in our sky, but places we have been and explored---worlds in their own right. To give an adequate coverage of each of the planets would fill up a whole book (or more)! Since this web site is an introduction to all of astronomy, I will not explore each planet individually. Instead, I will focus on the common characteristics of the planets such as their Distance relative to us, mass, size and etc. Distances Several hundred years ago Copernicus was able to determine approximate distances between the planets through trigonometry. The distances were all found relative to the distance between the Earth and the Sun, the astronomical unit. Kepler refined these measurements to take into account the elliptical orbits. However, they did not know how large an astronomical unit was. To establish an absolute distance scale, the actual distance to one of the planets had to be measured. Distances to Venus and Mars were measured from the parallax effect by observers at different parts of the Earth when the planets were closest to the Earth. Knowing how far apart the observers were from each other and coordinating the observation times, astronomers could determine the ... ... ? Angular velocity = 36 degrees / 4 hours = 9 degree/hour Full time rotation = 360 degrees / 9 degree/hour = 40 hours With the invention of radar, the distance to Venus could be determined very precisely. By timing how long it takes the radar beam travelling at the speed of light to travel the distance to an object and back, the distance to the object can be found from distance = (speed of light) Ãâ€" (total time)/2. The total time is halved to get just the distance from the Earth to the object. Using trigonometry, astronomers now know that the astronomical unit =149,597,892 kilometers. This incredible degree of accuracy is possible because the speed of light is known very precisely and very accurate clocks are used. You cannot use radar to determine the distance to the Sun directly because the Sun has no solid surface to reflect the radar efficiently.

My Idea of a Professional Teacher Essay

A student is nothing without his/her teacher. Without them we would know nothing and be nothing. The teacher is the one that helps the student understand everything around him/her. The teacher’s pride and glory is to know that he/she helped create a student that would someday live a successful life. When the word â€Å"professional teacher† was said, Sir Camacho comes to my mind. Even though there are a lot of great teachers in Regional Science High School, I chose him because he is a teacher that everyone likes, he is a teacher that is strict but very fun to be with, and he is a teacher that turns something so hard to something very understandable, he is a teacher that understands his students, and helps them in times of need. I remember the first day of being a junior; Sir Camacho was our first subject teacher, I thought he was a very strict teacher that wants every lesson he teaches to be understood by the students immediately, but I was proven wrong. We got along very well and he even shared his experiences to us—his students. Aristotle loves him, he gives us some advices, and we share some secrets with him. I consider Sir Camacho as one of the great teachers that taught me. He is a man that can be a teacher at the same time a friend. Words can’t be enough to describe how much I’m thankful of him and the great knowledge he shared us. Sir Camacho should really be called Superman.

Creative writing †The Meeting Essay

They were coming to get him, creeping through the undergrowth towards him. As they drew near he jumped up to run on, but tripped. He had been spotted. The savages drew in, their spears all pointing at him, moving around him as he stared up at them, chanting ‘Kill the pig. Cut his throat. Spill his blood.’ As the chanting got louder, and the spears nearer, he screamed. He woke up breathing heavily, covered in sweat, his hair adhering to his forehead. A nightmare. The same nightmare it always was. He was back on the island again. Except this time the officer hadn’t saved him, the savages had killed him. Ralph sat up haltingly and went to fetch a glass of water. He checked his watch, six forty-five in the morning. No point going back to bed now, his appointment was at seven thirty. He knew why the dream had come back this time. Today he was going to meet Jack Merridew for the first time in fifteen years. As they stood outside the door the psychiatrist quickly briefed Ralph before he entered. â€Å"Remember everything we’ve talked about. This is for you to sort out what happened. To sort out, if you can, why it happened. Let the anger out. Don’t let him intimidate you into not saying anything.† Ralph entered the room alone. Jack was already there silhouetted against the window. He turned and surveyed Ralph as he entered, holding out his hand in greeting. Ralph was tall and thin with fair hair. Jack was bigger and looked stronger, with brown hair and dark eyes. They shook hands confidently, and then Ralph stepped back and was opening his mouth to speak when Jack began. â€Å"We both know why we’re here, don’t we. You want answers and I’m to give them to you. So here you are. When we arrived on that island, I believed that I would be leader, that I would lead everyone, just as I had led the choir. Then you blew the conch, everyone was already there when we arrived and you were in control. I liked the look of you but I hated that you had found the conch, that you were always making the sensible suggestions. When you gave me the responsibility of looking after the fire and hunting I thought I’d show everyone that I could be just as powerful as you. Then I let the fire out. You and Piggy hated me for that. You lost your respect for me. So I had to gain it in another way, the beast. But the beast separated us even more. I then knew that there was no way I’d ever earn your respect so I tried to earn the respect of everyone else to show you that I could lead a tribe. I started my tribe and persuaded others to join me. Then to show you that we could live without you we invited you to our feast. Then the incident with Simon happened. You didn’t come back after that. I was in control, you and Piggy were on the other side of the island and we didn’t mention you. We had rocks ready in case you ever came, but we didn’t expect you to come. I thought that if you did you would be impressed with the idea of protection. But then you came. You came with the conch and tried to call a meeting, and I heard you talking to my tribe. Then Roger set off the rock that killed Piggy. That’s when I knew that you had to die. You confused everyone because you used to be their leader and they still respected you. So I organised the hunt. Anyone who wouldn’t hunt you would be hunted themselves. We hunted you all the way to the lagoon, I know that we would have killed you if that officer weren’t there. But luckily for you he was. I’m sorry we killed your friends but they had to die.† Throughout his speech Jack had stared out of the window, a dazed look in his eye, using his hands to emphasise what he was saying. But during that last sentence fire had returned to his eyes. He turned and Ralph was filled with a sudden terror. This was Jack as he remembered him, dark and murderous. â€Å"They had to die Ralph, and you had to die. You escaped then but finally you have returned to me. I agreed to this meeting so that I could finish off the episode on the island. You have to die now Ralph. You have to die.† As he finished speaking he advanced on Ralph, pulling a knife out of his pocket. A low chant emerged from his mouth. ‘Kill the beast. Cut his throat. Spill his blood.’ Ralph’s body slumped to the floor, blood oozing out of the mortal cut to his throat.